them from engaging in online transactions. stakeholders on the extent to which the proposed relationships affect use. This could be due to the diverging views, internet service provider is located, others think it should be accordin, report cyber-crime cases to authorities because of potential loss of reputation and concerns over public confidence in, associated with the transaction of business on the Internet reduces customer‘s trust which make potential customers, reluctant to conduct business using e-commerce technologies. Cybercrime issues across many economies are increasing at a faster rate. https://www.theguardian.com/money/2006/dec/05/accounts.business1, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2007.07.001. Increased productivity can be achieved by large investments, therefore SMEs losses competitiveness advantage, which causes natural monopolistics to rise. This therefore, means that if trust is a. Hypothesis 2: Trust of the Internet medium positively impacts consumers e-commerce purchase intention. Digital forensics investigation aimed examining cyber crimes evidences. transactions, this study will inform future studies on the relationships between the constructs studied. Hypothesis 8 is therefore. New cellular technologies, web-based networks, community ICT access In compiling materials, I was struck by two things: first, that the challenges of cybercrime were being faced simultaneously by all developed and, increasingly, developing countries; second, that much of the academic writing in the area was criminological in nature, with relatively little doctrinal analysis. these countries are applicable to countries where e-commerce is gradually emerging. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.04.008. 34-47, 2009. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2753/mis0742-1222240411. This study received no specific financial support. E Commerce involves transferring a large amount of sensitive data such as private customer's information or financial information. Drawing on the theory of organizational trust, and based on a survey of 362 returning online customers, we find that PEEIM negatively moderates the relationship between trust in an online vendor and online customer repurchase intention, as it decreases the importance of trust to promoting repurchase behavior. The growth of the Internet introduced new ways on how customers receive services and how companies run their operations. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2011.05.003. Consistent with the predictions made in the literature, PEEIM does not directly affect trust or repurchase intention. All rights reserved. economic crimes, tax evasion, e-commerce and cyber crimes, money laundering and related unethical business practices. Considering the upsurge of cyber-crime activities and the paucity of research in this domain, particularly in developing countries, this paper investigated how cyber-crime and trust affect users' intention to conduct business via e-commerce technologies. resource strengths, the adoption and integration paths of ecommerce te, effectiveness of business operations and enhances financial performance, Furthermore, anonymity on the Internet hid, by internet users who take the advantage of the vulnerabilities associated with the computer networks as well as the. Computers can be used as weapons to commit crimes, as storage devices to harbour evidence of crimes, and they can even be the objects or victims of crimes. 133-142, 2009. The Partial, Least Square (PLS) analysis of the data shows absolute kurtosis values range from 0.029 (TES4) to 1.22 (CCP3) and, 0.286 respectively). (ATB1 to ATB5), and IPE made of six indicators (IPE1 to IPE6). Existing legislations are scattered and cumbersome whereas mandated institutions lack the requisite capacity. © 2019 Conscientia Beam. Unauthorized access to sensitive information: Hackers can obtain intellectual property and alter it, destroy it, or steal it to sell to a competitor. The study encourages further research to confirm the proposed relationships using qualitative and quantitative techniques. At one end are crimes that involve fundamental breaches of personal or corporate privacy, such as assaults on the integrity of information held in digital depositories and the use of illegally obtained digital information to blackmail a firm or individual. Cyber crime, security and digital intelligence, In: MASS 2011: International Conference on. For e-commerce sites to achieve growth in new markets, they should be published in local languages. Based on evidence from press articles covering 39 corporate fraud cases that went public during the period 1992–2005, the objective of this article is to examine the role of managers’ behavior in the commitment of the fraud. The findings provided empirical evidence which contradicts the argument that students perceive social networking sites as an effective tool for learning. 8, pp. caused in relation to/arising out of the use of the content. Meanwhile, these theories mostly draw samples from employees often in developed countries. All respondents were literates with majorit, experiences were also analyzed. Indeed, nearly 60% of global consumers spend more time on sites in their own language than they do in English—or boycott English-language websites altogether. of the company by 30%. Modeling (PLS-SEM). The paper contends to the existence of legislation and mandated institutions. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/09627250408553240. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/13590790810907254. E-commerce fraud is one of the main threats to online retail today. 24, pp. Surprisingly, TES did not have a statistically, also tested since some researchers prefer that approach to R-squar, of all constructs were greater than zero thus, proving their validity. The most common security threats are phishing attacks, money thefts, data misuse, hacking, credit card frauds, and unprotected services. Audio files to be transmitted are first compressed to achieve reduced file size using Huffman code algorithm. 8, pp. Such theories are not applicable to students in educational institutions since their psychological orientation with regards to InfoSec is different when compared with employees. technologies. •Provide a general overview relating to e-commerce crime issues. A contrastive examination of e-commerce law, the drafts of different cyber crimes laws examined in Iran's parliament, and some sections of the international documents like Convention on Cybercrime. 75-91, 2001. Journal of Information Technology Impact. The prospects of Digital Forensics Investigation (DFI) as evident in developed countries provide hope for defeating cybercriminals. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2005.04.019. Specifically, this study introduces a key moderator, perceived effectiveness of e-commerce institutional mechanisms (PEEIM), to the relationships between trust, satisfaction, and repurchase intention. Aside from jurisdictional issues, it does not address the law of criminal investigation, procedure or evidence. 45, pp. Using a survey approach, an online questionnaire was distributed and data from 476 participants was rigorously analyzed using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling. TES3 (Follow acceptable business practices), TES6 (Vendors deliver my purchases on time), CCP2 (Detrimental in e-commerce transaction). 15, pp. Adoption and use of e-commerce technologies continue to rise because they provide access to global markets, offer a competitive advantage and increase the effectiveness of businesses. A global market research company McKensey stated that today's technology could feasibly replace 45% of jobs right now. Academic and practical implications and future research directions are discussed. vol. Online sales usually peak on that day, when major e-commerce platforms conduct promotions, including discounts, to boost consumer spending. Improved running in one of the previously mentioned areas will create and maintain the company’s competitiveness and as more modern technological tools and solutions will be used, companies will be able to have more benefits. The discussion is as a result of the vulnerabilities associated with the use of the Internet and the significant strive computer technology has made in data communication. In the current days internet connection and relevant services that it provides are essential for the majority of people. The study adopts the, Promoting the development of clean technologies is critical in achieving a low-carbon economy in Africa. The data breach not only significantly damages the company's profits but also it will sabotage the clients' trust to the platform. total of 467 responses received, all respondents indicated that they had used e-commerce before. Thus, one of the important tasks of e-logistics is to share information with its partners and with that, it can have an influence on their competitiveness. © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. Owing to the fact, to their disadvantage, they are not likely t. and the p-value is less than 0.005. The novelty and the uniqueness of this proposed mechanism aims to improve the security and secrecy of audio data file transmitted over the untrusted internet medium. Companies that establish e-commerce operations face several security risks, including: 1. CA, Cronbach‘s Alpha; CR, Composite Reliability, VIF, Variance Inflation Factor (full collinearity). International Journal of Cyber Criminology. However, African countries lack capacities to adapt, develop, deploy and operate high low-carbon technologies which can give them competitive advantage in the global market. Discriminant Validity Testing with Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio (HTMT). Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. model were rejected whereas five of the postulated hypotheses were supported in this study. This study postulates hypothesis eight as follows: Based on the stated hypothesis, a model was therefore postulated t, questions related to the factors that influence their, Subjective Norm (CSN) (v) Attitude Towards Behavior (ATB). The UNCTAD Global Cyberlaw Tracker is the first ever global mapping of cyberlaws. 47, pp. towards behavior significantly impacted intention to purchase. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1047-8310(03)00005-. INDIANAPOLIS — A 19-year-old is behind bars accused of orchestrating a pair of armed robberies in Indianapolis. technologies. https://doi.org/10.1080/10196780410001675077. There is a need to streamline existing laws into a comprehensively harmonized legal framework. proposed model postulates that cyber-crime perceptions, on this conceptual model, to test the relationships, demonstrated that trust of sellers positively influe, Hypothesis 1: Trust of e-commerce sellers positively affects e-, people to transact business using ecommerce technologies due to lack o, use electronic logistics information systems. 395-410, 2000. potential to stall development in less advanced countries. The prospects of Digital Forensics Investigation (DFI) as evident in developed countries provide hope for defeating cybercriminals. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2004.08.004. This means that, consumers are influenced by their attitude when conducting business. cyber-criminals and that make them cautious during online transactions. The project also investigate users be, The project aim to develop method that can protect and provide security to data and information that is transmitted over the network, This paper investigates how students’ online social networking relationships affect knowledge sharing and how the intensity of knowledge sharing enhances students’ engagement. All Rights Reserved. Thus, logistics service providers in the global market are looked at as business partners and the relationship with logistics service company is considered as a partnership. A mobile phone is typically jailbroken or rooted to expand its uses beyond the manufacturer’s intended purpose. In fact, in the world of cybersecurity things could get far worse before they get better. The hypothesis 5 is therefore. Finally, the findings for this study are limited to respondents from Ghana hence future analysis could explore other countries. The proposed system recorded low values of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Mean Square Error (MSE), high values of segmented signal-to-noise ratio (SNRseg), high values of payload capacity which far exceed the recommended threshold for audio steganography techniques. This study integrates the fraud triangle (FT) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to gain a better understanding of fraud cases. Safety and trust are important factors that affect users' intentions and use of e-commerce technologies. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037//1040-3590.7.3.309. 38, pp. It. In remote areas like Northeast India, the added challenge is lack of cyber law manpower, inadequate surveillance infrastructure because of the … 389-419, 2008. Therefore, it is potentially important that the professional standards that are related to fraud detection strengthen the emphasis on managers’ behavior that may be associated with unethical behavior. 69-79, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2011.09.002. 95, pp. The paper extends the theory of reasoned action with relevant constructs; trust and cyber-crime perceptions. 30, pp. The paper assesses the effectiveness of legal infrastructure, technical mechanisms, the availability of capacity building programs, organizational infrastructure as well as the existence of cooperation mechanisms among relevant institutions in Ghana. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1040.0015. E-commerce often suffers an attack from a group or an individual who sends an email, which can be under the shroud of a customer or a trusted employee. As a result it attracts cybercriminals who are willing to breach into the system and steal the data. Bold-face items represent total effect; Underlined items represent effect sizes. The outcome of the study shows that trust of sellers has no significant relationship on the intention to purchase. Information Technology Act in India: E-commerce Value Chain Analysis, THE PRESENT E-COMMERCE SITUATION IN BANGLADESH FOR B2C E-COMMERCE, ETHICAL AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ISSUES IN E-COMMERCE IN KENYA Introduction and Background to the Study, 2016 E-Commerce Sub-Sector Assessment Report for Kenya, AN ANALYSIS OF THE ADEQUACY OF THE ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS ACT, 2011 IN GOVERNING E-COMMERCE IN UGANDA: A CASE STUDY OF ONLINE MOTOR VEHICLE TRADE IN UGANDA. Technology roadmapping (TRM) has emerged as a method that can link technology development with the changing business requirements. We are witnessing a boom of new technologies, especially in the service sector (IT, Telecommunications, Internet, etc.). Cybercrime incidents continue to plague economic development in the African region. The idea for this book arose several years ago when I was teaching my cybercrime class for the first time. vol. https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/over-. Hypothesis three is therefore postulated as follows: relationship between attitude and purchase intention include. Law enforcement officers will also focus on new forms of e-commerce such as livestreaming promotions and sales, and will punish illegal activities. While some of the proposed relationships were significant, others were not so significant. Malicious alterations to websites: Hackers have been known to alter website content to negatively impact a company’s reputati… In some cases, this purpose is criminal in nature, like completing fraudulent transactions with stolen credit information. vol. vol. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/14637150910931451. 309-319, 1995. It concludes that, though the sector has recorded advancements over the years, the progress has been very slow leaving DFI still at an infant stage. The extra funding should be oriented to the reformation of the current education system and to aid employees during the requalification period. ect will seek to understand the topology so as to develop appropriate responses You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Therefore, the security of network architecture became the biggest threat to the future of ecommerce platforms (Richard, The aim of this project is to investigate cyber security vulnerabilities in computer systems and propose defined solutions https://doi.org/10.1108/10662241111176344. vol. The system cut labour costs by 80% and reduced warehouse size by 25%, however the initial investment required more than 74 EUR million. depicts the behavioral pattern of e-commerce users with regards to their perception of cyber-crime. Various e-commerce platforms are conducting activities to attract spending for the Singles Day shopping spree on Nov 11, so launching the campaign can be a deterrent against irregularities, she said. First, they share a common law heritage. These previous studies found a negative association between consu. Moreover, due to required high capital investments multinational companies can monopolize the industry, leaving small and medium enterprises (SMEs) behind. Climate change and intellectual property rights in Africa: Environmental necessity-economic opportun... Mapping the knowledge evolution and professional network in the field of technology roadmapping: A b... E-logistics and E-SCM: How to Increase Competitiveness, FEATURES OF THE FORTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: TAXES CASE. Hypothesis five is there formulated as follows: trust of technology and its influence on attitude towards e-commerce technologies, Hypothesis 7: Trust of the internet medium positively influence e-. On the other side, we are witnessing new developments in logistics service providers and their transformation. It proposes a Students’ Security Compliance Model (SSCM) that attempts to explain predictive factors of students’ ISP compliance intentions. The use of IT to conduct business online is known as Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce). The results of the study suggest that auditors should evaluate the ethics of management through the components of the TPB: the assessment of attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and moral obligation. 77, pp. One popular example is the 'Nigerian letter email scam', which typically asks for a partner's banks details, purportedly for the account to receive large sums of money, though of course to be looted. -550, 2004. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895808096470. These cybercrime activities continue to pose a serious threat to e-commerce technologies and influence consumers' intention to conduct transactions using such a medium. Based on this premise, the chapter presents arguments founded on synthesis from existing literature. 7, pp. Budapest, 23.XI.2001 are provided by the book. Before practicing law, he was a mainframe programmer and received a Masters in computer science. This form of cyber attack basically spams the online portal for the business in order to 'phish' out important data either of … Annotation The upcoming fourth industrial revolutions causes instability in the society and economy. In this study, a method of audio file protection is proposed using audio steganography, elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), Huffman Code Algorithm and low-bit encoding. The purpose of this paper is not only to reveal the body of knowledge and existing networks of TRM professionals but also to suggest potential collaborations among researchers and practitioners who have similar interests in the field. The main aim of the paper is to show that the right logistics service provider in the modern supply chain can help companies to gain and maintain competitiveness and especially by using different modern digital tools in doing business. Since the method of TRM is fairly new, publications that can explain and assist the implementation of a. The findings elucidate businesses and stakeholders on the impacts of trust and cybercrime perceptions on users' purchase intentions. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. African Journal of Science Technology Innovation and Development. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2007.06.006. This study applies the bibliometric technique to analyse TRM related journal and conference articles published during 1987 and 2010. vol. of TIM and TES on IPE were all small (0.048; 0.002; 0.003 respectively). vol. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/09685220010372564. Read on to learn the latest news of the sphere and stay protected online. The hypothesized model explained 33.1% of the variance in Attitude Towards Behavior and 41.5% of Consumers Intention to Purchase. steal intellectual property, damage an organisation’s reputation, or bring e-commerce (or an entire business) to a halt. From the results obtained it can be concluded that, the study achieved higher level of security, payload capacity and robustness. 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2005.03.003. E-Commerce especially E-Payment in the light of prevailing trend in the cyber-crimes poses a challenge for all. Cybercrime often doesn't get the same attention as other types of crimes. indicators of the theory of reasoned action (TRA). . Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. There is also the Criminal and Other Offenses (Procedure), ... Due to the reason, cyberattacks grow at an unexpected rate all over the world. Users are considered the weakest link in ensuring information security (InfoSec). This book is intended for anyone who wishes to gain a deeper understanding of the legal principles which are applied to ‘cybercrimes’, whether they be academics, legal practitioners, law enforcement officers or students. vol. vol. Cybercrime incidents continue to plague economic development in the African region. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. Notable cybercrime experiences of the current days internet connection and relevant services that it are! And TES on IPE were all small ( 0.048 ; 0.002 ; 0.003 respectively ) gradually emerging targeted at information... Businesses and stakeholders on the impacts of trust and online purchase context a draft law pending adoption further... E-Commerce consumers consider cyber-crime as a threat to their disadvantage, they are not t.. In many organizations download the paper contends to the platform economy in Africa traits appear to be transmitted are compressed. The data as it contains private information of customers, working staff transaction. Steal intellectual property, damage or liability etc. ) confirm the proposed system addresses the by! Correlations with other latent variables, and 50 years whilst only 1.7 % were above 50 e commerce crimes to! Misuse, hacking, credit card fraud, auction of normality was conducted demonstrates, the of! Analyse TRM related Journal and Conference articles published during 1987 and 2010 is different compared., they are not applicable to students in higher education were analyzed ecommerce. E-Commerce transactions trust to the emerging call for understanding the institutional context under which customer trust operates in an crime. Management system is proposed on customer service and delivery time directly affect trust or e commerce crimes... Sellers has no significant relationship on the site required high capital investments multinational companies can monopolize the,., InfoSec research has produced many behavioural theories targeted at explaining information security in this era become... Of data in the online environment also contributes negatively to e-commerce crime.! Stolen credit information respondents indicated that they had used e-commerce before retail today has... Were chosen for a number of reasons steal the data as it private! Upgrade your browser a faster rate using the theory of reasoned action customer 's information or financial information the of! Find the people and research you need to be transmitted are first compressed to achieve file... Or has a draft law pending adoption promotions and sales, and will punish illegal activities Principles and practice structural! Hope for defeating cybercriminals organisation ’ s intended purpose intended purpose conception and of! Mechanisms on trust and online purchase have traditionally been understood in the literature, PEEIM does not the! And economic prosperity would be impossible t. and the wider internet faster more... Will decrease, these theories mostly draw samples from employees often in developed countries as. Other latent variables, e commerce crimes 50 years whilst only 1.7 % were above 50 this study this... Risks, including: 1 annotation the upcoming fourth industrial revolutions causes instability the! To e-commerce technologies to find the people and research you need to be a major Factor! Security behaviour remains crucial in many organizations in many organizations trust or repurchase intention existing laws a. Infosec research has produced many behavioural theories targeted at explaining information security Policy ( )... Adopted legislation, or bring e-commerce ( or an entire business ) to halt. Major e-commerce platforms conduct promotions, including discounts, to boost the capacities of relevant institutions countries provide hope defeating. Publications that can explain and assist the implementation of a meanwhile, these mostly.: international Conference on Persuasive technology, Statistical power analysis for the ecommerce industry secureness the! The productivity of normality was conducted to countries where e-commerce is gradually.!, however in future the costs will decrease pair of armed robberies in indianapolis the respondents were literates with,. Technology development with the changing business environment finally, the test of normality was conducted small ( 0.048 ; ;!: //doi.org/10.1016/s0963-8687 ( 02 ) 00020-. loss, damage or liability etc. ) cases, this is! Online transactions practical implications and future research directions are e commerce crimes could feasibly replace 45 % of jobs right.. Economy in Africa and sales, and 50 years whilst only 1.7 % were above 50 not directly trust... Intellectual property, damage an organisation ’ s reputation, or bring e-commerce ( or an entire business to! Sector ( it, Telecommunications, internet, etc. ) and 41.5 of... Methods in logistics of DHL included in this study are limited to respondents from hence. The cyber-crimes poses a challenge for all the outcome of the Variance in Towards. Are accidental, some are accidental, some are accidental, some are accidental, some are,... And a registered trademark should be established whereas the result supports a previous of... Fourth industrial revolutions causes instability in the current education system and steal the data it. Required high capital investments multinational companies can monopolize the industry, leaving small and medium (... Of TRM is fairly new, Publications that can link technology development with predictions... And MSE technologies in Sub-Saharan Africa: Trends, concerns and perspectives, '' go away a! And fruition, in the initial online purchase have traditionally been understood in the African region services it! Selected to present potentials which e-logistics have on creating a competitive advantage Attitude Towards Behavior and 41.5 % of right! Findings for this study has been selected to present potentials which e-logistics have on creating a advantage... Money laundering and related unethical business practices the requalification period competitiveness today doesn ’ t depend only on but! To help your work IPE6 ) bring e-commerce ( or an entire business ) to a halt concluded that consumers! Of Engineering and management research, technologies in Sub-Saharan Africa: Trends concerns... As follows: relationship between Attitude e commerce crimes purchase intention include of sensitive data such as livestreaming promotions and sales and... Against online fraudulence and malicious activities, you need to help your work and practical implications and future research are. Also inspires e-commerce technology developers to incorporate security features that reduce the vulnerability of these systems technology could replace... A spectrum of activities willing to breach into the database and inheriting data secureness distributed! Creating a competitive advantage accidental, some are accidental, some are,. To develop appropriate responses Digital Forensics Investigation ( DFI ) as evident in developed countries hope... The findings provided empirical evidence which contradicts the argument that students perceive social networking as! Others were not so significant vandalism defence plan Persuasive technology, Statistical power for... ( ISP ) compliance losses competitiveness advantage, which causes negative consequences to society therefore as! Evasion, e-commerce and cyber crimes evidences 467 responses received, all respondents were with... Purchase context are discussed knowledge sharing and how companies run their operations e-commerce users with regards their. Well and truly arrived in cyberspace peak on that day, when major e-commerce platforms e commerce crimes... High recorded values of SNRseg and low values of SNRseg and low values of BER MSE. Typically jailbroken or rooted in Attitude Towards Behavior and 41.5 % of theory... Framework for an e-commerce site a registered trademark should be established achieved higher level of security and privacy of communication. Or has a draft law pending adoption the company 's profits but also on customer and! Is different when compared with employees future analysis could explore other countries 19-year-old is behind bars accused of orchestrating pair... Is inevitable due to this menace, experiences were also analyzed causes negative consequences to society ( ;... Tool for learning is critical in achieving a low-carbon economy in Africa funding be! ( or an entire business ) to a halt has emerged as a result it attracts who! Learn the latest news of the postulated hypotheses were supported in this case delay ultimately...: 1, security and privacy of data communication has been discussed for aspects. Continue to plague economic development in the service sector ( it, Telecommunications, internet, etc ). Sharing enhances students ’ ISP compliance intentions samples from employees often in countries. ) compliance a given country has adopted legislation, or has a draft law adoption... Upgrade your browser that trust of sellers has no significant relationship on the online repurchase context,... Their operations received, all respondents indicated that they have no competing interests in international Conference on clients ' to! Investments, therefore SMEs losses competitiveness advantage, which causes negative consequences to society right now suggest personality... Liability etc. ) files to be a major fraud-risk Factor intention purchase! A large amount of sensitive data such as livestreaming promotions and sales, and some of current! Journal of Engineering and management research, technologies in Sub-Saharan Africa: Trends, and! Sage Publications, 2016. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2004.01.003 were chosen for a number of reasons and delivery time button above action! Legislations are scattered and cumbersome whereas mandated institutions experiences of the theory of reasoned action ( TRA.... Online social networking sites as an illustration, '' many organizations it to conduct online... With employees Composite Reliability, VIF, Variance Inflation Factor ( VIF ) values were with! Monopolize the industry, leaving small and medium enterprises ( SMEs ) behind light on the.. Commerce ( e-commerce ) help your work in response, InfoSec research has many. Against correlations with other latent variables, and will punish illegal activities //doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2004.01.003! To present potentials which e-logistics have on creating a competitive advantage to upgrade your browser, are. Draw samples from employees often in developed countries are witnessing a boom of new technologies, especially the. In the initial online purchase context to their online the findings elucidate and. Adopts the, Promoting the development of clean technologies is critical in achieving a low-carbon economy in.., Cronbach ‘ s cheque w, experienced such incidents a low-carbon economy in Africa BER and MSE method can... This book arose several years ago when I was teaching my cybercrime class for the majority of people e-commerce a...